سنجش وضعیت سلامت اجتماعی خانواده‌های حاشیه‌نشین شهر اهواز
محورهای موضوعی : پژوهش مسائل اجتماعی ایران
1 - استادیار گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: سلامت اجتماعی, حاشیه‌نشینی, مهاجرت, مشارکت اجتماعی و شهر اهواز.,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی وضعیت سلامت اجتماعی خانواده‌های ساکن در مناطق حاشیه‌نشین شهر اهواز با تأکید بر مقولههای انسجام، همبستگی، پذیرش و مشارکت اجتماعی بود. روش این مطالعه، پیمایش است. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر شامل کلیه افراد بالای 18 سال ساکن مناطق حاشیه‌نشین شهر اهواز بود. تعداد 380 نفر به عنوان حجم نمونه با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای متناسب با حجم برآورد گردید و از ابزار تحقیق پرسشنامه استاندارد کییز و شاپیرو برای سنجش وضعیت سلامت اجتماعی استفاده شد، که روایی صوری و پایایی آن در سطح آلفای کرونباخ بالای 70/0 مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که وضعیت سلامت اجتماعی ساکنان محلههای حاشیه‌نشین شهر اهواز برحسب منطقه محل سکونت، متفاوت است. همچنین وضعیت شکوفایی اجتماعی، همبستگی اجتماعی، انسجام اجتماعی، پذیرش اجتماعی و مشارکت اجتماعی نیز در میان ساکنان محلههای حاشیه‌نشین شهر اهواز برحسب منطقه محل سکونت، متفاوت بود. همچنین نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که مؤلفه‌های پذیرش اجتماعی، مشارکت اجتماعی و همبستگی اجتماعی، مهم‌ترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر سلامت اجتماعی حاشیه‌نشینان بوده است.
Measuring the Social Health Status of Families
Living in the Marginal Areas of Ahvaz
Bahram Nikbakhsh*
The aim of the present study was to investigate the social health status of families living in the marginal areas of Ahvaz city with emphasis on the categories of social prosperity, solidarity, acceptance and social participation. The method of this study was descriptive, analytical, and was conducted using a survey technique. The statistical population of the present study included all people over 18 years of age living in the marginal areas of Ahvaz city. In this regard, 380 people were estimated as the sample size using a multi-stage cluster sampling method proportional to the size. Keyes and Shapiro standard questionnaire, was used to measure social health status, and its reliability were confirmed at a Cronbach's alpha level of above 0.70. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results showed that the social health status of the residents of the marginalized neighborhoods of Ahvaz city varies according to the region of residence. Also, the status of social prosperity, social solidarity, social cohesion, social acceptance, and social participation among the residents of the marginalized neighborhoods of Ahvaz city varies according to the region of residence. However, the health status did not vary according to the region, duration of residence. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed that the components of social acceptance, social participation, and social solidarity were the most important factors affecting the social health of the marginalized.
Keywords: Social Health, Marginalization, Migration, Social Participation, City of Ahvaz
Introduction
Marginalization, as one of the major urban challenges in developing countries, has profound effects on various aspects of the lives of the residents of these areas. The city of Ahvaz, as one of the metropolises of Iran, faces a serious problem of marginalization, so that, according to statistics, nearly 400,000 people of the city's population live in thirteen marginalized neighborhoods. This phenomenon has been caused by various factors, including unwanted migrations caused by the imposed war, drought, and the economic attractions of the city.
Social health, as one of the important dimensions of health, refers to the quality of an individual's social relationships and the degree of satisfaction with his life and his performance in society. Keyes (1998) considers social health to include five basic dimensions: social prosperity, social solidarity, social acceptance, social participation, and social cohesion. In marginalized areas, due to economic, social, and cultural deprivations, the social health of residents is often under threat.
This study aimed to investigate the social health status of families living in marginalized areas of Ahvaz, emphasizing the components of social prosperity, solidarity, acceptance, and social participation. It also examined the differences in social health based on demographic variables such as region of residence, age, ethnicity, and duration of residence.
Methodology
This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose and was conducted using a survey technique. The statistical population of the study included all people over 18 years of age living in the marginal areas of Ahvaz, which included the neighborhoods of Malashieh, Hasirabad, Zargan, Menbabad, Ain Do, Al Safi, Zoveyeh, Koy Siyahi, and Koy Alavi (Shlangabad). The sample size was estimated at 380 people using the Cochran formula, and the multistage cluster sampling method was used.
The data collection tool was the standard Keyes and Shapiro (2004) questionnaire, which included 28 questions in five dimensions of social health (prosperity, cohesion, participation, solidarity, and social acceptance). The reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha (above 0.80). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software and using Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and analysis of variance statistical tests.
Findings
Descriptive findings showed that out of 380 respondents, 67.1% were female and 32.9% were male. Most respondents were illiterate (40.52%) and the largest age group was between 26 and 30 years (47.6%). In terms of ethnicity, most respondents were Arab (44.2%) and the longest period of residence was between 5 and 10 years (47.36%). The statistical test shows that there is a significant difference between the average social health of marginalized people and the average of their area of residence. The level of social health of residents of marginalized areas according to their place of residence shows that the respondents' enjoyment of social health is affected by their place of residence in the marginalized neighborhoods of Ahvaz. Social health in neighborhoods of Zoveyeh 1 and 2 was significantly higher compared to other neighborhoods, and this variable was also significantly lower in Shilangabad and Siyahi neighborhoods than other neighborhoods.
Discussion and Conclusion
This study showed that the social health of residents of the marginalized areas of Ahvaz city is affected by various factors, including the area of residence, the length of residence, and social components such as acceptance, participation, and social solidarity. In contrast, factors such as age and ethnicity did not have a significant effect on social health. The findings are consistent with Keyes and Weber's theories, indicating that the low level of social health in these areas can be due to relative deprivation, feelings of discrimination, and lack of access to social resources and opportunities. Also, the differences between different marginalized neighborhoods indicate the impact of local infrastructure, facilities, and the level of social support in each neighborhood.
References
Keyes, C. M. (1998) Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 2, 121–140.
Keyes, C. M., & Shapiro, A. (2004) Social well-being in the U.S: A descriptive epidemiology. In O. Brim, C. D. Ryff, & R. C. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are you? A national study of well-being at midlife. University of Chicago Press.
Tacoli, C. (2017) Migration and inclusive urbanization, united nations expert group meeting on sustainabling cities human, mobility and internatonal migeration, UN/POP/EGM/2017/6.
UN Habitat. (2019) Planning Sustainable Cities, Global Report on Human Settlements, United Nation Human Settlement Programme, London.
Zerbo, A., Delgado, R. C., & González, P. A. (2020) Vulnerability and everyday health risks of urban informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa. Global Health Journal, 4(2), 46-50.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
nikbakhsh@pnu.ac.ir