تبیین رابطه شهرسازی ایرانی- اسلامی و استرس شهروندان (نمونه مورد مطالعه: محله حکمت شهر تهران)
محورهای موضوعی : شهرسازی اسلامی
خاطره مغانی رحیمی
1
,
حمیدرضا صارمی
2
,
سیدعلی صفوی
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه شهرسازی و طراحی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی و طراحی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
3 - استادیار، گروه شهرسازی و طراحی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: استرس شهری, شهر اسلامی, محله حکمت شهر تهران.,
چکیده مقاله :
به دلیل رشد شتابان شهرنشینی در خاورمیانه و چالش‌های بسیار آن، به‌ویژه کاهش سلامت روان و افزایش استرس شهروندان، انگاره‌ها و رویکردهای بسیاری برای مقابله با این چالش‌ها مطرح شده است. با توجه به انطباق شهرسازی اسلامی با فرهنگ بومی شهرهای مسلمانان از جمله ایران به نظر می‌رسد، این رویکرد میتواند برای مقابله با چالش استرس شهری در این شهرها مؤثر باشد. اما تاکنون مطالعه‌ای در راستای پیوند شهر اسلامی و استرس شهری مشاهده نشده است. به همین منظور این پژوهش با هدف تبیین رابطه استرس محیطی گزارش شده شهروندان و شاخص‌های شهر ایرانی- اسلامی در محله حکمت شهر تهران انجام شده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و داده‌های موردنیاز با استفاده از روش‌های کمی و کیفی مانند پرسشنامه، مشاهده و مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای جمع‌آوری و سپس با استفاده از تحلیل رگرسیونی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد، همبستگی بالایی بین شهرسازی ایرانی- اسلامی و استرس شهری گزارش شده شهروندان وجود دارد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد، شاخص‌های ارتباط با آسمان، پیاده‌مداری، شاخص‌های کیفیت مسکن، امنیت، آسایش و آرامش، مقیاس انسانی، هویت، سرزندگی و مشارکت به‌ترتیب مهم‌ترین شاخص‌های شهرسازی ایرانی- اسلامی مؤثر بر استرس شهروندان هستند. درواقع ارتقاء شاخص‌های شهر ایرانی- اسلامی در محلات شهرهای ایران استرس شهروندان را تا حد چشمگیری کاهش خواهد داد.
Today's cities do not have the ability to respond to the psychological needs of citizens causing stress and mental illness. Exposure to environmental stress is the most important factor in increasing mental disorders in cities (Streit et al., 2014: 352). In fact, the stress of modern urban life can be a reason for the growth of mental disorders (Kennedy & Adolphs, 2011: 452) in the cities of Muslim countries, including Iran. Stress caused by the urban environment, in addition to being an important factor in causing physical diseases (such as types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, digestive diseases) and mental diseases (such as depression, schizophrenia, isolation of people, etc.), the number of moral abnormalities in it also increases and this environment reduces the security of citizens. In addition to this stress due to the imposition of high medical costs on citizens, it also causes the loss of human capital in the city. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider stress as an important principle in their plans and to avoid actions that fuel this mental confusion.In fact, due to the rapid growth of urbanization in the world, especially in the Middle East and Iran, and its many challenges and issues, particularly the reduction of mental health and the increase of citizens' stress, a comprehensive approach is needed to reduce environmental stress and to promote urban mental health. It also seems that the Islamic city can be an effective approach in this field due to its adaptation to the native culture of Muslim cities. However, considering that many studies in the field of social sciences have pointed to the impact of Islamic teachings on mental health and stress, so far, no study has been conducted on the link between the Islamic city and urban mental health or urban stress. In fact, the relationship between urban stress as the most important factor in reducing urban mental health and Islamic urbanism has not been investigated so far. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of clarifying the relationship between the environmental stress reported by citizens and the indicators of the Iranian-Islamic city in Hikmat neighborhood in Tehran. According to the research conducted by MoghaniRahimi and his colleagues, this area is one of the most stressful areas of Tehran (MoghaniRahimi et al., 2024: 4). For this purpose, in this research, Hekmat neighborhood, which is one of the neighborhoods of this district, has been selected as the study sample.
Keywords:Hekmat Neighborhood of Tehran, Islamic City, Urban Stress.
Methods
This research is a descriptive-analytical research with a comparative approach, where the
required data has been collected using quantitative and qualitative methods such as questionnaires, observation, library studies and then analyzed using regression analysis. In order to measure the conformity of urban blocks with the Iranian-Islamic city, 27 indicators presented in Table 1 have been examined through the introduced criteria. Also, the amount of urban stress was obtained by using a question related to how stressful the residents consider their living environment. According to the study sample population and Cochran's formula (confidence level 95%, error 0.05%, and normal variable 1.96), the minimum number of questionnaires was 379 people, then the sample in the study was distributed using a proportional stratified sampling method. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was checked with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the value was calculated as 0.73.
Results
After identifying the indicators, according to the purpose of the research, the data related to the indicators of the Iranian-Islamic city are considered as independent variables and their relationship with the level of stress reported by the citizens (using the question of the questionnaire: In your opinion, how stressful is your living environment (home, street, neighborhood) Enter a number from one to one hundred.) was investigated through regression analysis. Based on the studies of Moghani and his colleagues, this question has a lot of correlation with urban stress and explains the stress of citizens (MoghaniRahimi et al., 2024: 4). In fact, in this section, the data related to the stressfulness of people's living environment as a dependent variable and the data related to the Iranian-Islamic city as an independent variable have been analyzed in SPSS software. As shown in Table 2, the value of the correlation coefficient between variables is 0.645, which indicates a high correlation between Iranian-Islamic urban planning and urban stress reported by citizens. Also, the adjusted or modified coefficient of determination shows that 58% of the total changes in the stressfulness of people's living environment depend on the conformity of the block of residence with the indicators of Iranian-Islamic urban planning in their living area. In other words, Islamic Iranian urban development indicators predict 58% of the variance of the dependent variable.
With a confidence level of 95%, it can be concluded that the influence of indicators of social interactions, connection with nature, access to services, mixing of uses, safety, justice, legibility, access to collective spaces, social support, social cohesion, social integration, social capital, spatial diversity, public health and social diversity are not significant on the stress level of citizens. This index does not affect the dependent variable because its error value or significance level is greater than 0.05. Of course, this issue needs more investigation and it is necessary to investigate it in other study samples and mostly different questionnaires. Also, using the beta coefficients of the sky and pedestrian connection indicators with a coefficient of (0.275), indicators of housing quality, security and comfort and tranquility with an importance coefficient of (0.182), human scale with a coefficient of (0.152), identity with a coefficient of (0.139), vitality with a coefficient of (0.133), participation with a coefficient of (0.127), respectively, the most important indicators of Iranian-Islamic urban planning are effective on the reported stress of citizens. All these indicators have a negative effect on the stress level of citizens, and by improving them, the environmental stress in citizens can be significantly reduced. As shown in Table 4, the identification of the indicators of connection with the sky and pedestrian orbit as the most important effective indicators demonstrates that the most important stressful indicator related to the Iranian-Islamic city in the neighborhood of Hikmat is feeling and lack of observation and connection with the sky and lack of orbit in this area. In the cities of the past, due to the low height of the buildings, the urban man established a very good connection with the sky and the cities were in a deep connection with the sky. But today, high-rise buildings in cities, especially in the 1st district of Tehran municipality, and the study sample of this research, which has faced a rapid trend in recent years, has severely affected the mental health of citizens in this area. Also, neighborhoods in the past cities were very walkable, and citizens benefited from many advantages of walking, especially in the field of health.
Conclusion
Due to the rapid growth of urbanization in the world, especially in the Middle East and Iran, and its many challenges and issues, notably the decrease in mental health and the increase in stress of citizens, many ideas and approaches have been proposed to deal with these challenges. Considering the adaptation of Islamic urban planning to the native culture of Muslim cities, including Iran, it seems that this approach can be effective in dealing with the challenge of urban stress in these cities. However, considering that many studies in the field of social sciences have pointed to the impact of Islamic teachings on mental health and stress, so far no study has been conducted on the link between the Islamic city and urban mental health or urban stress. In fact, the relationship between urban stress as the most important factor in reducing urban mental health and Islamic urbanism has not been investigated until now. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of clarifying the relationship between the environmental stress reported by citizens and the indicators of the Iranian-Islamic city in Hikmat neighborhood in Tehran.
The findings of this research show that there is a high correlation between Iranian-Islamic urban planning and urban stress reported by citizens. Also, by using the beta coefficients of the indicators of connection with the sky and pedestrian orbit, indicators of housing quality, security and comfort and peace, human scale, identity, vitality, and participation, respectively, the most important indicators of Iranian-Islamic urban planning are effective on the reported stress of citizens. All these indicators have a negative effect on the stress of citizens, and by improving them, the environmental stress in citizens can be significantly reduced.
References
Kennedy, Daniel P.; Adolphs, Ralph (2011) "Social neuroscience: Stress and the city". Nature, 474(7352), 452–453. doi:10.1038/474452a
MoghaniRahimi, K., Behzadfar, M., &Jalilisadrabad, S. (2024) "Identifying urban stressors: A case study in Zone 8, Municipal District 1, Tehran, Iran". Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 150(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4914
Streit, Fabian; Haddad, Leila; Paul, Torsten; Frank, Josef; Schäfer, Axel; Nikitopoulos, Jörg; Akdeniz, Ceren; Lederbogen, Florian; Treutlein, Jens; Witt, Stephanie; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Rietschel, Marcella; Kirsch,Peter; Wüst, Stefan (2014) "A functional variant in the neuropeptide S receptor 1 gene moderates the influence of urban upbringing on stress processing in the amygdala". Stress, 17(4), 352–361. doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.921903